Softwood
Commonly available lumber made from softwood species is cut from coniferous evergreen trees, which don’t drop their needles each year. Of the many types of softwoods, the following are easiest to find:
Western red cedar: Attractive, aromatic, and naturally weather-resistant.White pine: Clear boards can be naturally finished. Stains blotch.Redwood: Attractive and naturally weather-resistant.Douglas fir: Strong and hard.Spruce: Inexpensive and paintable.Northern white cedar: Light and naturally weather-resistant.
Softwoods are both lighter and softer than hardwoods, making them easier to work with. Redwood and western red cedar lumber are sold a bit differently from other softwoods. They’re graded both by appearance and by the amount of decay-resistant heartwood the boards contain—the more, the better. Clear all-heart is the most costly; construction common, the least. Softwood boards 1-inch thick—the type you’d use for bookcases and shelves—are sold in 2-inch-width increments, such as 1x2, 1x4, and so on, up to 1x12. Home centers usually group softwood boards by width and length. You won’t want to use boards that display any major defects, especially ones that are warped. To check a board for warp, lay it on the floor and see if it lies flat. Also check for knots. Reject boards with loose ones—they’ll have a visible dark line around them and will work loose and eventually drop out. Tight knots, on the other hand, are structurally sound but must be coated with a sealer before painting, so they don’t weep sap and discolor the paint.
Hardwood
Produced by broad-leafed, deciduous trees that—in the world’s temperate zones—lose their leaves each year, hardwoods are often used for cabinets and furniture because of their beauty, stability, strength, machining predictability, and resistance to abuse. Here are some woodworking favorites:
Red oak: A classic for furniture and cabinets, it’s easy to work with.White ash: Strong and hard.Walnut: Deep color, nice grain.Yellow poplar: Fairly strong but plain. Best for painting; but can be stained to mimic cherry or walnut.Cherry: Hard, strong, and beautiful.Philippine mahogany: Imported and hard to find but easy to work with and can be stained to imitate real mahogany.
Hardwood trees are not as abundant in North America as softwood trees, so their lumber is more valuable. That’s also why hardwood logs are sawed to minimize waste, resulting in boards of varying quality, so they’re assigned grades. The higher, costlier grades yield more defect-free (clear) material. There’s also a major difference in the way hardwoods are sold. You buy them by the board foot. That’s a volume measurement of thickness, width, and length that equals 144 cubic inches. A board measuring 1x12x12 inches equals one board foot. You seldom have to do those calculations because most retail hardwood outlets, including home centers, have already done so before pricing their boards. Board footage is usually rounded up or down to the nearest one-half board foot. Woodworkers usually refer to hardwood board thickness in 1/4-inch increments. A 1-inch-thick board is 4/4 (four-quarter); a 1-1/4-inch-thick one, 5/4 (five-quarter); a 2-inch one, 8/4; and so on. Hardwoods (and the best softwood grades) are also kiln-dried at a controlled temperature to reduce their moisture content to 6 to 9 percent, the ideal range for interior projects. Kiln-dried lumber won’t readily reabsorb moisture when properly coated with a finish. That means it will remain stable in use and will be less likely to swell, shrink, crack, or warp over time.
Lumber Defects
Lumber can have a number of defects that buyers should look out for. Cups, bows, crooks, and twists refer to warped boards that are no longer straight and level. Knots, on the other hand, can be okay. It just depends on the type of knot. Avoid boards with loose knots. Loose knots often fall out as the wood dries, leaving a hole. Tight knots are acceptable but need sealing.
Lumber Grades
Both softwood and hardwood come in different grades. Here’s what each means: Hardwoods First and seconds (FAS): Best grade. Boards yield 83 1/3 percent clear wood. Selects: One side FAS, other side No. 1 common. Same yield as FAS on one side. No. 1 common: Economical. Boards yield 66 2/3 percent clear cuttings on one side. Softwoods C select and better: Minor imperfections. D select: A few sound defects. 3rd clear: Well-placed knots allow for clear cuttings. No. 1 shop: More knots and fewer clear cuts than 3rd clear. No 2, No 3 common: Utility shelving grades. No. 2 has fewer and smaller knots.
